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Working with Vertex Maps

Vertex mapping does not directly relate to texture mapping, but it can play an important role when texturing models for rendering. Vertex mapping is a means of storing vertex-specific information within a model for a variety of uses. Vertex maps may act as instructions to tell a certain function how to act upon a model (as with Weight Maps). Some Vertex Maps store positions' offset information (as in morph maps). They can also store 2D coordinate information to define how textures apply to a surface by way of a UV map. Regardless of the map type, Vertex Maps are essential to working in 3D. As with modeling, there are a variety of options for creating, displaying, and working with Vertex Maps in Modo.

Modo offers the following vertex map types:

Weight Maps

Weight Maps are discontinuous, one-dimensional Vertex Maps holding weight percentages. You can use Weight Maps for a variety of purposes. For example, a Weight Map can modulate the strength of a tool's effect when combined with a weight falloff operator. As another example, you can control the smoothing properties of a Subdivision Surfaces model by adjusting the subdivision Weight Map - essentially controlling how round or sharp a corner crease becomes when converted to Subdivision Surfaces. B-spline curves also use Weight Maps to store vertex weight information. The Shader Tree can use Weight Maps for modulating surface attributes with masks and gradients. You can also export Weight Maps to other applications that support them for use in texture or deformation modulation. When you set a 3D viewport to Vertex Map shading mode, Modo represents a weight value of 0 with a neutral green shade; a negative weight value shows with a blue, “cool” shade; and a positive value appears as a red, “warm” shade.

UV Maps

You use UV maps to explicitly link vertices in the 3D mesh to locations on a 2D image for high-accuracy texture mapping. Modo stores UV maps as discontinuous, 2D Vertex Maps with values for UV coordinate space data. The UV map can be though of as a method to unfold any 3D mesh so that it lays flat and allows the 2D image to be applied to the mesh more accurately.

Morph Maps

Morph maps offer a means of saving alternate, non-destructive deformations for any model. You can animate individual morph map deformations over time. For example, this provides the ability to animate a facial expression. To animate any morph map, you must first apply a morph deformer to the model. Modo supports two varieties of morph maps: relative and absolute. Relative morph maps offset a particular vertex relative to its current position. An absolute morph map positions a vertex to a specific absolute position. Relative Vertex Maps are the more common variety. The main benefit to working with morph maps in Modo is that if you make any topology changes to a specific morph map, Modo applies those changes to all the associated maps.

Color Maps

Modo provides support for RGB and RGBA vertex color maps. Many use vertex color maps in games to provide additional color variations in combination with texture maps to simulate a fully-shaded environment with little (to no) CPU shading overhead. You can paint vertex color maps with the Vertex Map > Color Tool combined with an airbrush-type falloff.

Note: For more information on using a vertex map for rendering, see Vertex Map Texture.

Vertex Normal Maps

Vertex normal maps work in tandem with the smoothing function to shade polygons as either faceted or smooth. A vertex normal map is a map with the values of the Smoothing setting baked into the vertices. Most often, you generate vertex normal maps in an external CAD package when converting a NURBS-based model to polygons. The normal values are computed from the smooth NURBS surface to eliminate smoothing errors of the highly triangulated polygonal surface when rendered elsewhere.

Particle Maps

Particle maps are useful to give you control over particle- and volume-related items (such as when using point clouds for Replicators and Texture Replicators) and for use with blobs, volumes, and sprites. (Point clouds are just masses of particles.) Particle maps include dissolve maps, which control the opacity of individual particles, and size maps, which control the scale of individual particles.

Note: Particle maps cannot be applied to procedural particle items, such as particle clouds and the Particle Generator.

Transform Maps

Vertex transform maps are useful as they give you individual control over Replicators. You can apply a transform map and then select a target vertex (with a replicated element applied). With the standard transform tools, you can adjust rotations, scales and positions on an individual particle basis.

Vector Maps

With vertex vector maps you can comb and (to a degree) style fur by using an embedded Vertex Map instead of resorting to more complex image maps or guides. Vertex vector maps also work in a similar fashion to control the scale and orientation when applied to Replicators when you use a Surface Generator as a point source. This avoids creating unnecessary UV maps and keeps objects self-contained in that they don't require any external assets to function.

Other Maps

Modo also supports various other maps types, such as pick maps. Having other maps available is mainly for storing of selection sets and retaining compatibility with other applications. See Managing Vertex Maps

Lists Viewport

Modo stores map-specific information within the model, itself, at the vertex level, but Modo organizes Vertex Maps, like item layers, in the Lists viewport panel. Within the viewport, you can select maps to make them active for editing. You can also create, delete, and rename maps from within the Lists view. You access the various options by right-clicking a Vertex Map's name and choosing one of the available commands. In general, you may not work with the List view as much as the Item List or Shader Tree viewports, but the functions it provides are essential to working with Vertex Maps. All the attributes of the viewport are covered in the Vertex Map List viewport topic.

Tip: Vertex maps are item-layer specific with each Mesh Item having its own dedicated maps. The only maps visible within the Lists viewport are for layers that are visible (controlled by the Item List). Different layers can share map names (and usually do if you use the default names that Modo generates), but this can cause collision problems and produce incorrect results when baking out texture maps for rendering or export.

Managing Vertex Maps

Before adding a map to a mesh, first determine the type of map required.

Map Type	Description
Weight Map	Weight strength values stored for falloff and texturing purposes
SubD Weight Map	Weight strength value influences edge creasing in SubDivision Surface geometry
UV Map	UV maps translate 3D vertex positions to flat 2D coordinates
Relative Morph Map	Vertex position offset is relative to the base vertex position
Absolute Morph Map	Vertex position is offset to a specific absolute position in 3D space
RGB Map	Vertex color map is defined by R, G, and B color values
RGBA Map	Vertex color map defined by R, G, and B color values and an additional A (Alpha) value
Pick Map	Like a selection set, defines groupings of vertices
Vertex Normal Map	Surface normal direction (smoothing) values stored as fixed value
Edge Pick Map	Like a selection set, defines groupings of edges
Particle Size Map	Determines scale values for individual particles
Particle Dissolve Map	Determines transparency values for indvidual particles
Transform Map	Determines transform amounts for individual vertices or particles
Vector Map	Determines length (or scale) and orientation over the target elements
Tangent Basis	Surface normals in Mikk tangent space
B-Spline Weight Map	B-spline vertex weight values stored for vertices that define a curve.

To create a new map:

Select Vertex Map > Create.

This opens the Create New Vertex Map dialog.

Tip: You can also select (new map) in the Lists viewport to open the dialog. Modo pre-selects a type based on the viewport's map type.

Select the map type and assign a name to the map.

With some map types you can set a base value. Click Init Value and adjust the value accordingly.

The type of the initial value varies according to the map type. For example, an RGB Map defines color, whereas a Weight Map contains weight percentages.

Click OK to create the map.

To rename a map, right-click it and select Rename, or highlight the map and select Vertex Map > Name. Both actions open a dialog and you can type the new name. Make sure to select the proper map type if necessary. Also, you may use the click, pause, click method to rename the layer inline.

To remove a map, select the target map and choose the Vertex Maps > Delete command, or select the layer and press the Delete key.

Viewing and Editing Vertex Maps

How you display and edit Vertex Maps depends on the map type. For most types of maps, do this directly in the 3D Viewports, which provides real-time feedback when you change values.

Tip: To quickly open a panel of useful UV Map tools. click Vertex Map > Vertex Normal Tools.

Weight Maps

Weight Maps display directly in any 3D viewport when you specify the viewport display option is set as type Vertex Map. You can edit Weight Maps by selecting components and applying values or by using the Vertex Map Weight Tool function. If you combine the Weight tool with an Airbrush Falloff falloff, you can interactively paint weight values.

UV Maps

UV maps have their own 2D viewport, which is specific to editing maps of these types. 3D Viewports only display the result of the UV map in the Texture, Texture Shaded, or Advanced OpenGL modes. Modo has a dedicated UV-editing layout, by default, with additional windows available under the Layout > Windows sub-menu.

Morph Maps

When you select a morph map in the Lists viewport, it is visible within any of the 3D Viewports in all of the various modes. When animating morph maps and applying them as deformers, you see the morph, itself, only if you select the Enable Deformers checkbox within the viewport options. (You can access these options by pressing O when moveing the pointer over the target viewport.) Enable Deformers is enabled (as the default option) for the Layout, Animation, and Render layouts, but it is disabled in the Modeling, Painting, and UV view Layouts.

Color Maps

When you select a vertex color map in the Lists viewport, Modo displays it directly in any 3D viewport if the viewport display option is set as type Vertex Map. You can edit color maps by selecting components and applying values or by using the Vertex Color Tool function. If you combine the Color tool with an Airbrush falloff, you can interactively paint vertex color values.

Vertex Normal Maps

Vertex normals, when present, override any smoothing settings (as defined by material item settings in the Shader Tree). You usually generate vertex normal maps in an external application and use them when rendering highly-triangulated CAD in Modo. However, with Modo you can bake the material item's smoothing results into a vertex normal map with the Set Vertex Normals command.

Vertex Vector Maps

A vertex vector map, when active, appears as simple lines that project outward in the normal direction from each vertex in a model. When you select a vertex vector map in the Lists viewport, you can edit the map directly with the fur styling tools and modify their orientation. However, vectors are simple direction and size controls, so complex effects (such as Curl or Root Puff) won't have the same effect as they would when styling with guides. Therefore, with a vertex vector map, work with simple, short styles. You can also use vertex vector maps to control the scale and orientation of Replicators when combined with Surface Generators.

About Tangent Space

Tangent space provides a way of locating normals on a surface that differs from world space and object space. A tangent space originates from a point on a surface and has one axis that is at a tangent to the surface. The other two axes are perpendicular to the tangent, with one as the surface normal at the origin.

The image above shows a tangent space at a point on a sphere. The Y-axis is coincident with the surface normal.

Note: A Tangent Basis Vertex Map only stores its data relative to the surface. This means that the tangent space is unaffected by mirroring, rotation, scaling or translation.

Modo creates tangent space normal maps when using the Bake from Object to Texture option with an Image Map of type Normal. For more information on texture baking, see Baking.

Note: Because tangent space normal maps are automatically aligned to the underlying surface, a tangent basis texture can be reused when the geometry is deformed. Object space maps are less flexible as the object space changes under deformation.

Tangent space normal maps also provide certain efficiency savings over object space normal maps as they can be encoded with less data.

Mikk Tangent Space

In 2008, Morten Mikkelsen, a student of the University of Copenhagen, wrote his masters thesis: "Simulation of Wrinkled Surfaces Revisited". In it he proposed a method for calculating surface normals in tangent space. His method solves certain problems regarding hard edges, and portability of tangent spaces between 3D graphics engines. Subsequently, Mikk tangent spaces are now supported by a number of popular engines.

Modo lets you apply a Mikk Tangent Basis to vertex maps. This provides greater compatibility with the Unreal engine and other engines that support Mikk tangent space basis.

Source Tangent Basis Maps

Modo supports the generation of tangent basis maps that are compatible with Valve's Source engine.

Legacy Unity Tangent Basis Maps

As of version 5.3, the Unity engine switched to using Mikk tangent basis maps as their default tangent basis standard. However, Modo lets you generate tangent basis maps using Unity's legacy standard, for which Unity maintains support.

Adding a Tangent Basis Map

You can add a Tangent Basis to UV Maps that are active on selected meshes. The Tangent Basis must be added before baking.

Note: If you edit the mesh, you must reselect Create ... Tangent Basis prior to the next bake to update the Tangent Basis Normal Map.

Select the Mesh Item in the Item List.

If you have more than one UV Map and want to apply a Tangent Basis to certain maps, open the Lists tab and select the UV Maps. Otherwise, leave the map(s) unselected to create Tangent Bases for all UV maps.

Tip: You can Ctrl+click to select multiple maps.

From the menu, select Vertex Map > Create ... Tangent Basis, selecting the required tangent basis type.

A new Tangent Basis map is populated for each UV map, and added to the Vertex Map List.

Baking for Unreal Engine 4.7+

For versions of the Unreal Engine at 4.7 or above, you should make the following changes prior to baking:

Select the Normal Image Map in the Shader Tree.

In the Properties, open the Texture Layers tab. Check Invert Green.

Select the Image Map's texture in the Shader Tree.

Open the Texture Locator tab and set the Tangent Vector Type to dPdu, Cross Product.

Note: For improved compatibility, low poly meshes should be converted into triangles before baking and exporting to FBX.

About Empty Tangent Basis Vertex Maps

Modo lets you add a Tangent Basis Vertex Map in the Vertex Map List using the (new map) option. Though, this creates an empty map, which is not directly usable by real-time engines. Also, there are no tools to edit these maps directly. The option has been added for scripting purposes. Modo artists can create empty placeholder Tangent Basis maps, which can be populated with custom maps by bespoke scripts to ensure compatibility with in-house graphics engines.

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